Luther's ecclesiastical superiors had him tried for heresy, which culminated in his excommunication in 1521. They initiated a pamphlet war with the indulgence preacher Johann Tetzel, which spread Luther's fame even further. The Theses were quickly reprinted and translated, and distributed throughout Germany and Europe. Luther may have also posted the Ninety-five Theses on the door of All Saints' Church and other churches in Wittenberg-in accordance with University custom-on 31 October or in mid-November. Luther sent the Theses enclosed with a letter to Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, on 31 October 1517, a date now considered the start of the Reformation and commemorated annually as Reformation Day. The Theses are framed as propositions to be argued in debate rather than necessarily representing Luther's opinions, but Luther later clarified his views in the Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences. Though Luther claimed that his positions on indulgences accorded with those of Pope Leo X, the Theses challenge a 14th-century papal bull stating that the pope could use the treasury of merit and the good deeds of past saints to forgive temporal punishment for sins. These indulgences, according to Luther, discouraged Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy, which he attributed to a belief that indulgence certificates were more spiritually valuable. He argued that indulgences led Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin, believing that they could forgo it by obtaining an indulgence. In the Theses, Luther claimed that the repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual repentance rather than merely external sacramental confession.
Retrospectively considered to signal the start of the Protestant Reformation and the birth of Protestantism, the document advances Luther's positions against what he saw as the abuse of the practice of clergy selling plenary indulgences, which were certificates supposed to reduce the temporal punishment in purgatory for sins committed by the purchasers or their loved ones. Luther would later be promoted to take over the chair of Biblical studies of the theological staff of Wittenberg as the successor of Johann von Staupitz. At the time, he was considered the youngest member of the theological faculty at the university which was still known for its medieval theology. The Ninety-five Theses or Dispute on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, at the time controlled by the Electorate of Saxony.
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Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum at Latin Wikisource
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